Briefs

Below you will find links to our briefs where we highlight the key findings and policy implications of our research and field-building efforts.

Michael Cattell Jr. Michael Cattell Jr.

Corporal Punishment in Public Schools in the United States

Corporal punishment has been present in public schools for decades. While certainly a diminished presence in 2025, it is still enshrined in state education statutes in at least 14 states as a legal way of disciplining students. This is in spite of research showing the harm in punitive disciplinary practices like corporal punishment (see here, here, and here). This brief will cover an overview of corporal punishment’s legal history, how corporal punishment has manifested in schools in the last several decades, and what it looks like today. For a snapshot of how state-level trends in CP by race/ethnicity has varied over the last decade, please our prior brief on this topic.

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Out-of-school Suspension Rates in K-12 Schools in the US

Even though the overall use of out-of-school suspensions (OSS) in the US has declined overall, racial/ethnic disparities in OSS rates persists to this day. We show a snapshot of how state-level trends in OSS by race/ethnicity has changed over the last decade in this brief.

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